Project Design for Quality

Dissertation Proposal

Dissertation Proposal Dissertation Proposal Dissertation Proposal WritingMany students consider creating a dissertation proposal the most difficult part of dissertation writing. Indeed, students are assigned to create a project of their own, but not many of them had an experience of developing a research with a guidance of a faculty member. To create a proposal you should understand the issue, find, read and analyze the relevant literature. It is important to develop your own standpoint about the problem and present it to the reader. A dissertation proposal is a part of your formal application, and your obtaining a research degree may depend on it. Creating a proposal is the very beginning of your work, so try to do your best while developing it. A standard dissertation proposal consists of the following parts.Dissertation Proposal PartsTopic and title. As you know, the choice of topic is very important. Your topic should be original and innovative. Do not try to cover a big issue in your dissertation, remember that the narr ower your topic will be the better. Before you take the final decision on your topic, consult your supervisor. As for the title, it may change in the process of work. Research question. It should be a key question, which will demonstrate the nature of your research. If you fail to ask this question properly, you will not be able to conduct the research and arrive to meaningful conclusion of your dissertation. Preliminary literature review. This review is a kind of essay, which should be relevant to your topic. It is a small version of your literature review that will be found in your dissertation, and it should comprise a starting point for your further development. Proposed methodology. In this part present your idea of in what way you are going to collect the evidence for your dissertation, how you are planning to analyze it. Usually it is the easiest part of a dissertation proposal, and it is not very difficult to write it as methods follow from the topic and the rese arch question.Provisional schedule. Create a plan of your future work, including the interim deadlines, tied to the calendar.Final Tip on Dissertation ProposalTo make sure that your dissertation proposal meets the general requirements, try to look through a dissertation proposal sample. You may ask your friends for a dissertation proposal sample or find it in the web. If you like the topic of your dissertation, proposal will become a very interesting piece of writing.

Ethical Leadership and Employee Behaivor Dissertation

Ethical Leadership and Employee Behaivor - Dissertation Example Furthermore, there is the pressing need to investigate all the manners in which ethical leadership tends to affect employee behavior. A number of steps have already been taken in order to promote ethical behavior such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Though this is a step in the right direction but it cannot be termed as an end in itself. Instead, there is a constant need to explore the issue of ethical leadership and its impacts on employees to gauge methods to improve ethical conduct in organizations. This paper will attempt to analyze the dimensions of ethical leadership and its impacts on employee behavior as best as possible. Given the expansive nature of the topic, it is unrealistic to assume that all aspects and perspectives will be covered but this paper will attempt to delineate as much as possible. 2. Ethical Leadership Both ethics and leadership have been investigated for a very long time distinctly based on either normative or philosophical approaches. Results from these invest igations were traditionally used to decipher what leaders should do in order to bolster leadership. However, neither ethics nor leadership have been investigated on a strong scientific and social basis thus leading to fundamental gaps in understanding ethical leadership. ... cement and decision making also falls under the domain of ethical leadership (Brown, Trevino, & Harrison, 2005) (Trevino, Brown, & Hartman, 2003) (Trevino, Hartman, & Brown, 2000). In contrast philosophers have tried to define ethical leadership using normative perspectives by delineating how leadership ought to behave in organizational and other context (Ciulla, 2004). This approach to defining ethical leadership has narrowed down the focus of the subject. Instead the social scientific approach being pursued in this paper emphasizes describing ethical leadership, its antecedents as well as its consequences. Researchers have concluded for a long time that certain traits are more important to leadership than others. For example personal integrity has been linked with leadership effectiveness. Furthermore, perceived leader effectiveness has been linked to the perceptions of the leader’s character as per honesty, integrity and trustworthiness (Kirkpatrick & Locke, 1991) (Den Hart og, House, Hanges, Ruiz-Quintanilla, & Dorfman, 1999) (Posner & Schmidt, 1992) (Kouzes & Posner, 1993). In addition to these traits cognitive trust is also associated with effective leadership styles (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002). In this context cognitive trust has been defined as being composed of exercise of care in work, dependability and professionalism (McAllister, 1995). This concept has been used by Trevino et al (2000, 2003) in order to research what ethical leadership means to proximate observers of leaders. The research utilized structured interviews with twenty ethics or compliance officers as well as twenty senior executives. The respondents were asked to think of an ethical leader they knew about and to answer a broad survey that queried the motives, characteristics and behavior model of

Special Topics in International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Special Topics in International Relations - Essay Example the purpose of development would cause an increase in the planet’s temperature, increases in sea level, changes in precipitation patterns, depletion of ozone layer, loss of natural habitat of millions of species of plants and animals, loss of water resources, loss of bio diversity, increase in incidents of extreme weather such as heat waves, soil erosion and increased pollution (Watson et al, 2003). The development is changing the earth’s environment at all levels. At the local level the environment is at risk due to air, soil and water pollution. At regional level there is a threat of acid rain and land degradation. Finally at global level there is a massive climate change and a loss of biodiversity. All these changes have been attributed at a large level to the various development projects that are meant to provide better life and alleviate poverty. Unfortunately these projects are having a negative effect on the ecosystem, water resources, human health, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. It is estimated that the development projects will have further negative consequences in the future (Watson et al., 2003). Environmental issues are very important for the third world countries. A clean and healthy environment reflects a clean and healthy nation. Natural environment is a source of natural income for the people of the poor countries. Many people are dependent on natural resources for their income. If these resources are taken away it will definitely be a big blow for the poor people. At the same time environment protection is very important for economic growth of any country. If people continue to use and pollute natural resources the country would suffer economically and will move away from development. Therefore it becomes very important to protect the environment (The World Bank Report, n.d.). Here it would be pertinent to discuss the case of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a poor country and a large section of its population is dependent on fisheries for

Fr, Michael Porters Five Forces Analysis Coursework

Fr, Michael Porters Five Forces Analysis - Coursework Example The forces have been referred to a microenvironment in the framework. The businesses have to reassess the market place in case of any changes to the forces. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the level of profitability for the organizations may not be the same despite operating in the same industry. The five forces can also be classified as horizontal or vertical. The horizontal forces include threat of substitute products or services, threat of new entrants and industry rivalry. The vertical forces include the bargaining powers of suppliers and bargaining powers of customers. Porter five forces analysis plays an important role in terms of enabling the businesses to gain more profitability and stability. On the other hand, the government also uses the framework for the purposes of stabilizing the industries. This framework has is usually used by most of the companies that intent to enter a new market. The cycle wear industry that FLAB operates in faces a threat of new entrants since it is profitable. The government policies on the industry are not strict which makes it easy for new entrants to enter the market. The capital requirement is not too high although any new entrant in the market has to meet the demands of the cyclists including those with 60 inch waist. The entry barrier in the industry is high due to patent issues since different designs have to be made to satisfy the needs of the customers. However, despite the entry barriers, the exit barriers are low. The presence of high entry barriers and low exit barriers is an indication that the industry is profitable (Vining, 2011). In the industry, the customer loyalty is not a major issue considering that most of the companies are unable to provide the cyclewear for the people with up to 60 inch waist. The customers usually move from one company to the other in search of required products. The bargaining powers of the customers in the

Common Moral Purpose in Organizations

Common Moral Purpose in Organizations Please answer all the following questions based on Weeks 2, 3, 4 and 5 and submit your answers through Turnitin by Sunday 2nd April at 11.59pm. Answers to each question should be around 250 words. Please use your textbook and journal articles to support your answers (2 to 3 references per question including the textbook required) Question 1: Do you think the term used by Barnard common moral purpose (pg. 103) is a good way to describe what happens in work organizations? Why or why not? (Please have a look at chapter 4: The Human Organisation to support your answer) A common moral purpose is somewhat of a good way to describing how an organisation functions according to Chester Barnard. It is appropriate in some aspects as individuals are usually advised of the companys goals and how to achieve them. Employees go to work to achieve a common purpose, whether that be creating a product or providing a service to customers. Usually their job descriptions and roles will relate to the companys objectives and long term goals. In this way employees do all have a common moral purpose. However, the concept of organised collective activity, in which individuals put the companies needs and objectives above their own may not always be possible to achieve. However, Barnard theorised that it can be accomplished through incentives such as recognition or rewards. This may encourage employees to be more productive, although if their main purpose is to come to work just to make a living, rather than to achieve the companys goals, incentives may not work effectivel y. The motives of the employees must be matched with companies for a common moral purpose to be achieved. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that an individuals personality may not be adequately overpowered by the forces of the common moral purpose. Employees must value companys ideas and believe in them. If this occurs a common moral purpose will be more easily achieved. El-Harber, N 2016, Foundations of Management, 1st Edition, New South Wales Mourkogiannis, 2005, Strategy + Business, The Realists Guide to Moral Purpose, blog post, November 23rd, viewed 27th March 2017 https://www.strategybusiness.com/article/05405?gko=fea8f Question 2: Rational-bureaucratic organizations are supposed to develop the best means to achieve their goals. Based on your reading of Chapter 5 (pg. 56), what would you say are some of the obstacles to making the best decisions about ways to reach a goal or solve a problem? Do some organizations have a more difficult time with this than others? What kinds of goals or problems do they deal with? (Please have a look at chapter 5: Bureaucracy, Rationalisation and Organisation theory to support your answer) The rational-bureaucratic organizational model is built on the machine metaphor of organisations that draws an analogy between the relationship among the parts of a mechanical device and the relationship among positions in an organisation. (El-Haber, 2016, p.56) This theory was conceived by Max Weber. It utilises a formal hierarchy, specialization, impersonality and promotion based on qualification and achievements, to help a company achieve their goals. These elements assist in accomplishing a fair and equal work place, clear directions and which then aids employees with who to seek guidance from. Yet there are still obstacles when applying this model in the workplace. The strict and rigid conformity to rules and procedures can undermine the companys main objectives. This occurs as employees are heavily focused on obeying company policies leading them to overlook the companys goals. This could then result in lessen productivity. In an organisation where products are produced, this c ould affect the end product. Another pitfall of this model is the assumption that a formal position equates to automatic authority. Authority and respect must be earnt by the authority figure and not demand. If it is, it may cause resentment and lessened productive among employees. Weber also believe that the most technically able employees should be put into these formal positions. This may be a contradiction as he stated that promotion should be able on qualifications and achievements. Someone may be highly technically able, but may lack the interpersonal skills and qualifications to effectively manage and liaise with employees. Although Webers model can benefits in achieving goals, it may negative affect product due to its disadvantages. El-Harber, N 2016, Foundations of Management, 1st Edition, New South Wales Stanley, H 1959, Journal article, Bureaucracy and Rationality in Webers Organization Theory: An Empirical Study, Vol. 24, No. 6, p. 791 795, 29th March 2017, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2088566?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Unseen Effects of Title Nine :: Sports Female Social Norms Essays

Unseen Effects of Title Nine Using the four topics, history, race and class, gender, and sexual orientation in sport, assume you are a screen writer in the year 2010. You have been commissioned to write a movie script about women's sports and current society. What is the theme? Who are the protagonists? What are the issues and how does the movie end? When Annie came in with an idea to do a sports movie, the first thing I did was laugh in her face. She quickly cut me off. "Harry. Harry what do you know about Title Nine?" "What is that, some new soy product?" "Title Nine, enacted in 1972, represents a large change in attitudes toward women and their aspirations. Since sports affect boys and girls as they grow up, the way we treat women's sports may prove as important to changing social attitudes as anything else we do. If girls are socialized the way boys are in taking part in sports, and if boys and girls grow up with the idea that girls are strong and capable, it will change the way girls and women are viewed by themselves and by civilization." "Oh it's a movie about the fate of civilization! Are there any explosions? Aliens?" "Title Nine. It's this law that says that boys and girls are entitled to the same resources when it comes to sports. Like, at a public school they can't give nice basketballs to the boys and crappy sacks to the girls. And they can't hire this all-star retired big shot for the boy's swim team and get some lifeguard to coach the girls. Everything has to be equal opportunity across the board." "Well that's something I'm happy to see at PTO meetings, but I don't give a damn about seeing it on the big screen. Annie, no one wants to shell out eight bucks to read the Constitution." "Ok look. This girl, Jane, grows up in this wealthy family, goes to a prestigious prep school, plays lacrosse, the works. Her aunt from the Bronx comes to visit her one weekend, and her aunt and her mother get into a huge fight because the Bronx cousin accuses he mother of spoiling Jane. She says Jane will never have to fight for anything, everything's always handed to her. She doesn't earn any of the stuff and privileges she has, she just gets it. Naturally Jane gets all huffy about this and it affects he deeply.

Ethics Essay

In comparing the similarities and differences in ethical theories, the goals of each theory and the morals and values that can be observed in the process. While the following ethical theories appear similar on the surface virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethical will be discussed and their differences will be defined. Virtue Theory relates to the pursuit of excellence in everything you do. As one commercial put it, â€Å"Be all that you can be† (U. S. Army 1981). One must have the idea that if they want to maximize their greatest potential, they must work hard to produce it. To the Utilitarian this may appear selfish, but self-discipline and self-determination is key to achieving the goal. Oxford dictionary describes utilitarianism as one who practices the doctrine that produces the greatest happiness of the greatest number. For example, a busy mother gives great sacrifice of putting her needs aside to take care of her three children who are home sick with the flu. At this moment, the mother, who is also sick with a temperature of 102 F, is not practicing virtue theory because; the mother has currently put her needs aside. The mother is practicing patience and compassion to assure that her children get the care that they need. Boylan (page 171) describes Deontological ethics as a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because it is right and not through any other sort of calculations. An example of this would include presenting an inventory sheet to authorities proving that fraudulent activity has occurred buy a company that has been charging customers extra for supplies. The distinct difference of these theories suggests that virtual theory focuses attention toward creating greatness within one’s self. Utilitarianism focuses attention by creating greatness toward the masses. Deontological ethics relates to doing what is right whether it be for one’s self or for the masses with the understanding that happiness is not the goal but a moral responsibility is. A personal experience explaining the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts includes a deontological experience that I had several years ago. One Friday afternoon I walked into a bank to cash a check in the amount of $527. 28. The teller cashed my check, but I did not bother to double check the money until I got home. After checking and double-checking the money that evening, I came to the realization that I had 627. 28 cash in my envelope. The teller accidently gave me an additional $100 dollar bill. I could not go back to the bank to address the problem because the bank had closed for the day. I could not with good conscious keep the money because my family has instilled strong morals and values of honesty, integrity, and dignity within me. The money must be returned for it is the morally right thing to do. Saturday morning I drove back to the bank and asked for the manager and explained what had happened. I handed over the entire envelope as it was presented to me and I explained that two very crisp one hundred dollar bills were so tightly stuck together that it appeared as one bill. The manager surprised at what had transpired the day before, thanked me for my honesty and determination to see that the money was returned. I told the manager that I appreciate her kind words but it was truly the right thing to do. Though comparing the similarities and differences with these moral standards, ethical theories along with morals and values can be observed in the process. While it is clear that these theories may appear similar in nature the following ethical theories, virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethical will be discussed and their differences will be defined.

Free Essays on Impact Of The Puritan Setting Upon The Characters In The Scarlet Letter And The Ministers Black Veil

Impact of the Puritan Setting Upon the Characters in The Scarlet Letter and The Minister's Black Veil This essay will examine the thematic relevance to the Puritan setting and its impact upon the characters and their development in both "The Scarlet Letter" and the short story, "The Minister's Black Veil." These two texts detail an accurate portrayal of what I assume the Puritan community to represent. This is partly because of the Puritan background within the works, but also considering that the main characters of these are deeply rooted within the Puritan faith and are, in different ways, in the public eye and are under separate scrutiny as a result of such. Mr. Hooper, being a minister, is considered a beacon and an exemplar of faith and righteousness in his community. One bright Sunday morning, Reverend Hooper dons a black veil to his congregation and lectures on sin and its appearance, or lack thereof. His congregation is outraged but intrigued by his use of the symbolic sheath. Since his sermon focuses on the "secret sin" of his parishoners and the entire community, they are d rawn to assume that Mr. Hooper, himself, carries with his a "secret sin" which he is hiding from underneath his veil. Now Hawthorne titles this short story as a parable which leads one to conclude that the veil is used a not only a symbol of "secret sin" but a paradox. His congregation is so concerned and obsessed with his personal sins that they forget about their own; this was the intent of Mr. Hooper's veil: to cause them to reflect upon their own spiritual status and to confess their sins. But the Puritans, notorious for their pride within practice and fallacy within faith, ignore this allegorical costume and sensationalize his message. Because, after all, Mr. Hooper must be hiding SOMETHING underneath that veil of his... The second character under scrutiny by their community and this English major is Hester Prynne, a young wom... Free Essays on Impact Of The Puritan Setting Upon The Characters In The Scarlet Letter And The Minister's Black Veil Free Essays on Impact Of The Puritan Setting Upon The Characters In The Scarlet Letter And The Minister's Black Veil Impact of the Puritan Setting Upon the Characters in The Scarlet Letter and The Minister's Black Veil This essay will examine the thematic relevance to the Puritan setting and its impact upon the characters and their development in both "The Scarlet Letter" and the short story, "The Minister's Black Veil." These two texts detail an accurate portrayal of what I assume the Puritan community to represent. This is partly because of the Puritan background within the works, but also considering that the main characters of these are deeply rooted within the Puritan faith and are, in different ways, in the public eye and are under separate scrutiny as a result of such. Mr. Hooper, being a minister, is considered a beacon and an exemplar of faith and righteousness in his community. One bright Sunday morning, Reverend Hooper dons a black veil to his congregation and lectures on sin and its appearance, or lack thereof. His congregation is outraged but intrigued by his use of the symbolic sheath. Since his sermon focuses on the "secret sin" of his parishoners and the entire community, they are d rawn to assume that Mr. Hooper, himself, carries with his a "secret sin" which he is hiding from underneath his veil. Now Hawthorne titles this short story as a parable which leads one to conclude that the veil is used a not only a symbol of "secret sin" but a paradox. His congregation is so concerned and obsessed with his personal sins that they forget about their own; this was the intent of Mr. Hooper's veil: to cause them to reflect upon their own spiritual status and to confess their sins. But the Puritans, notorious for their pride within practice and fallacy within faith, ignore this allegorical costume and sensationalize his message. Because, after all, Mr. Hooper must be hiding SOMETHING underneath that veil of his... The second character under scrutiny by their community and this English major is Hester Prynne, a young wom...

How to Quote and Cite a Poem in an Essay MLA †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

How to Quote and Cite a Poem in an Essay MLA Many students wonder how to cite a quote from the poem as the essay format has a great impact on the grade you get by the end of the term. Students may search for the proper paper example or find some tips. Making a reference page and citing direct quotes from poem or prose is one of the most complicated steps in essay writing. To do it in a right way, a student has to know several academic writing styles as his five fingers: MLA APA Turabian Harvard These are the most frequently met paper formats used to cite poems and novels properly. The next step is to select quotations that would best contribute to the entire work. It means that a student will have to pick only those quotes to cite that reflect the poem’s essence best of all. Finally, one has to mind that inserting too many citations may have a negative influence on the essay as high plagiarism index may result in â€Å"F.† It is better to go through a perfect example of paper dedicated to some poem once written by an expert and follow its structure. Keep in mind that your final draft has to contain at least 95-97% original text. Otherwise, students risk losing points instead of earning high grades. Before submitting an assignment which contains any copy-pasted quotes, check your text with the help of effective online plagiarism tools. A great example might be Grammarly or SmartSEOTools. If you want your grammar or plagiarism checking tool to show the most accurate results, it is better to get paid versions. When You Might Need to Cite a Poem We have listed the most used writing styles so far. Students prefer MLA format as it is easy to cite applying this format. Despite MLA writing style can be called the simplest one, students still should study the general rules by heart as often they will be addressed essays to write in class. They won’t be able to use writing manuals or poem’s text then. The poem is a separate literary genre which requires special citation and formatting rules. It has to be cited in a different way. It might be crucial to cite a poetry line to support your arguments concerning the given piece as well as prove that you have read the text. If you attend one of those humanitarian classes like Literature or Arts, you will most probably face many different types of writing homework assignments: Definition Descriptive Reflective Critique Critical thinking Argumentative Compare contrast In any of these essays, you may want to cite a poem or prose to support your point of view. Why Should Students Cite Poems and Other Sources? As a rule, the words of a student weigh nothing when compared to the words of world’s experts. Thus, you need to prove your opinion by inserting various citations of famous and reputable individuals. Besides, when you cite specific parts of one’s work, you prove that you have read the piece carefully. It shows your understanding of the studied material. To cite poetry or any other source means to add direct words of other authors in your academic paper. You can either put direct quotes without changing a word from a poem’s line or use indirect quotations (sentences that contain both your own words and author’s interpretation). Cite Poem Properly in MLA Style MLA is considered the most frequently met school and college writing style among students and their teachers. It has a minimum of requirements, but still, you have to be careful when quoting. Under the MLA paper format, a student must use quotations in different ways depending on the poem’s nature. The main differences depend on the length of the quotation. The basic rules are listed below. Brief poetry citations involve less than three lines taken from the original poem. People consider those quotes that have more than 3 lines of the poem long. It is recommended to omit words that play no significant role to avoid both plagiarism and wordiness. So, there is no need to cite unnecessary parts of the poetry. In any case, the main purpose is stick to the point of the essay. The Meaning of Poem’s Title The methods used to cite poem’s title are different from the way you cite a line. The title appears on the first page of your essay – in your introduction paragraph. You need to start your discussion with mentioning the author, publishing year, and title. From time to time, you may notice that quotation marks are used instead of italics, and vice versa. The volume of the poem matters when making a choice. When you cite a relatively short poem, recall an example: â€Å"Doggy Heaven† â€Å"When I’m Old† â€Å"The Man in the Jar† â€Å"Tinkle, Tinkle Little Car!† Long poems’ titles have to be cited in italics. Use a good example: Cryptogram Decoded Insanity The Powerfool and the Powerful As you can see, short poems’ titles appear in quotation marks while any long poem’s title is written in italics. General Rules of In-Text Citations from the Poetry You need to know the anthology of your chosen literature as well as many other terms before you compose your essay on a particular poem. Put down the year, publisher, full author’s name, page number, and other details when you write an essay. It will save your time on developing References page later. After conducting a research and looking through the collection of appropriate literature, you can write the paper by obeying these major rules of citing a poem in English language essay: Use quotation marks with every direct quote from the selected poem. Watch after your punctuation just as you watch after your grammar and formatting. Brackets are not needed around ellipses. When discussing a poem in your school or college essay, talk in the present tense. Mention a page or specific line number (if known). Locate punctuation after the parenthetical quotation. Avoid multiple quotations. Use your own thoughts more. All questions or exclamation marks should be enclosed inside the quotation marks. If it does not belong to the original writer’s words, put them outside. Each citation from the poetry must be referenced in full at the end of the MLA paper. The page should be called . Here is a great example of how to add a few lines of a single poem: In "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," Frost says, â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark, and deep / But I have promises to keep / And miles to go before I sleep." Don’t be ashamed to order online writing assistance if you feel too overloaded. The prices are affordable for all students.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Ethics - Essay Example The public expects professionalism and ethical conduct from those in the criminal justice system. The discipline of ethics focuses on the issue of what comprises appropriate or inappropriate behavior. A prominent specialist on ethics, Dr. Sam S. Souryal, gives a specific definition of ethics for corrections officers (Cronkhite, 2013, 304): Ethics has come to mean behaviors as they relate to a profession. Thus, there are medical ethics, legal ethics, and correctional ethics. All corrections professionals must follow basic ethical guidelines. Ethics boils down to making a choice between right and wrong, and doing what is right. In general, you can use your conscience as a guide. If you use sound reasoning, act in good faith, do your job fairly and honestly, respect the rights of others, and follow the rules and regulations of the agency, you will avoid most ethical problems. As argued by Whisenand (2005 as cited in Cronkhite, 2013, 304), ethics in the criminal justice system involves m oral obligations and how individuals should act with regard to both objectives and behavior. The criminal justice system is an inherently service-oriented field that assesses its people and behavior merely in terms of the actual exercise of power and the realization of objectives. Codes of Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas Therefore, codes of ethics fulfill two main functions. First, they serve as ethical or moral rules for those working in criminal justice. They lay down moral responsibilities that must be fulfilled and moral features that must be followed. Moreover, codes of ethics establish rules of professionalism vital to the organization’s interests (Chipman, 2000). The purpose of such rules is to hold the professionals accountable to the utmost performance level and encourage them to be committed to the rules of integrity, loyalty, and obligation. Second, codes of ethics establish professionalism in the criminal justice system. When employees abide by a code of ethics, the o utcome is a setting favorable for excellence. Employees know how to carry out their duties without too much supervision. They feel a sense of commitment and fulfillment in their work. They behave with respect and acceptance toward one another and in relationship to their fellow workers and clients (Chipman, 2000). They are capable of surpassing ‘petty behaviors’ like backstabbing, distrust, and envy and learn to avoid and detest inappropriate behaviors like favoritism, prejudice, and insensitivity. All codes of ethics aim at promoting two major qualities, namely, professionalism and public service. These are natural virtues, essential and fixed (Pollock, 2011). Without these codes of ethics, an organization loses its moral standing and faces serious ethical dilemmas. So how do people confront ethical dilemmas? Scholars explain that people initially exercise intuitive moral thinking when they confront ethical dilemmas. Intuition gives people quite simple rules learned fr om previous experiences (Braswell, McCarthy, & McCarthy, 2010). Another method of confronting ethical dilemmas is critical thinking. Contrary to intuitive thinking, critical thinking uses rules provided by moral and philosophical doctrines. In making moral choices when confronted with ethical dilemmas, people may at first exercise intuitive thinking, using their intuition to determine potential decisions or

CYBER ATTACKS ON ENERGY AND FINANCIAL SECTOR Thesis Proposal

CYBER ATTACKS ON ENERGY AND FINANCIAL SECTOR - Thesis Proposal Example US Financial sector is largest in the world and billions of dollars are transacted through this system not only within US but also across the border. The relative penetration of the financial system into the very fabric of American society therefore gives financial sector a more critical place within the modern American society. With the advances in technology, most of the transactions in the financial sector take place online with the help of the internet and other information technology tools. Such high dependence on the information technology therefore makes the system highly vulnerable to the external threats including the cyber attacks. Similarly, the energy sector is critical for the survival of the country because most of the manufacturing and our daily activity is supported by this sector. A complete collapse of this system therefore will put the country as stand still and probably no economic activity can be conceived without the support of the energy sector. Another important dimension of the cyber spying on the energy sector is basically to extract important information regarding the potential energy deposits which US companies explore all over the world and a systematic attack on this information therefore can cost Billions to US economy if it goes into wrong hands. It is believed that Chinese hackers are trying to intrude into the systems of the energy companies with specific target of extracting the important data on the oil and gas exploration. (Yemma, 2010) These arguments therefore indicate that any type of cyber attacks on these two sectors can be significant from the point of view of the homeland security. Easy access to technology and significant improvement in the knowledge base of the cyber criminals and terrorists, it is really easy to conceive a cyber attack of any magnitude on both these sectors. It is therefore, really critical a pro-active approach to be adapted by the security agencies of US including homeland